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1.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1520089

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Las glándulas mamarias son órganos que durante las diferentes etapas de la vida en la mujer sufren modificaciones, donde se involucran los procesos de proliferación, diferenciación y apoptosis, bajo el control hormonal. Sin embargo, una vez que cesan dichas influencias hormonales ocurren cambios que llevan a la involución de dicho órgano. Objetivo: Caracterizar el factor de forma, perímetro, área y volumen de los núcleos de las células epiteliales glandulares mamarias. Métodos: Para caracterizar las glándulas mamarias sanas en mujeres de 60 años y más, se realizó un estudio de serie de casos en 14 mujeres fallecidas que no tenían lesiones benignas o malignas del órgano. Todas examinadas por el departamento de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital Provincial Vladimir Ilich Lenin en Holguín, en el período comprendido de septiembre 2018 a septiembre 2019. Para mejor valoración, la muestra de estudio se dividió en dos grupos de edades: de 60-75 años de edad y mayores de 75 años. Resultados: Tanto el factor de forma como el perímetro, área y volumen de los núcleos de las células epiteliales de los conductos mamarios son menores en las mujeres mayores de 75 años. Conclusiones: Existen diferencias notables en los indicadores morfométricos estudiados en ambos grupos de edades. Específicamente el tamaño y la forma de los núcleos de células epiteliales se ven afectados con la edad, lo cual se corresponde con la baja actividad metabólica de las células epiteliales mamarias en esta etapa de la vida.


Introduction: The mammary glands are organs that during the different stages of life in women undergo modifications, where the processes of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis are involved, under hormonal control. However, once these hormonal influences cease, changes occur that lead to the involution of said organ. Objective: To determine the shape factor, perimeter, area and volume of the nuclei of glandular epithelial cells. Methods: To characterize healthy mammary glands in women aged 60 years and older, a case series study was conducted on 14 deceased women who had no benign or malignant lesions of the organ. All examined by the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Provincial Hospital V.I. Lenin in Holguín, in the period between September, 2018 - September, 2019. For a better assessment, the study sample was divided into two age groups: from 60 to 75 years of age; age and older than 75 years. Results: Both the shape factor and the perimeter, area and volume of the nuclei of the epithelial cells of the mammary ducts are lower in women older than 75 years. Conclusions: There are notable differences in the morphometric indicators studied. Epithelial cell nuclei are affected with age, which corresponds to the low metabolic activity of mammary epithelial cells at this stage of life.

2.
Nursing (Ed. bras., Impr.) ; 25(284): 7038-7031, jan-2022.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1371096

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Apreender representações sociais de puérperas sobre as mamas no período do aleitamento. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, fundamentada na teoria das representações sociais. Utilizou-se o teste de associação livre de palavras, aplicado a 95 puérperas num Centro de Parto Normal de Salvador-Ba, no período de novembro de 2017 a fevereiro de 2018. Realizou-se a análise da estrutura das representações sociais a partir da árvore de similitude das evocações livres. Resultados: As representações sociais das puérperas sobre as mamas são marcantemente a dor e o tamanho, influenciadas por elementos periféricos que envolvem o ato de amamentar e a saúde, estando associadas as suas crenças, conhecimentos e valores afetivos. As participantes reconhecem que as mamas são partes importantes do corpo que requerem cuidado cotidianamente. Conclusão: Os achados corroboram para novos olhares para subjetividades que envolvem o aleitamento, podendo nortear práticas de cuidado em saúde que colaborem para satisfação enquanto nutriz.(AU)


Objective: To apprehend social representations of postpartum women about their breasts during the breastfeeding period. Method: Qualitative research, based on the theory of social representations. The free word association test was used, applied to 95 postpartum women in a Normal Delivery Center in Salvador-Ba, from November 2017 to February 2018. The analysis of the structure of social representations was carried out from the tree of similarity of free evocations. Results: The postpartum women's social representations about the breasts are markedly pain and size, influenced by peripheral elements that involve the act of breastfeeding and health, being associated with their beliefs, knowledge and affective values. Participants recognize that the breasts are important parts of the body that require daily care. Conclusion: The findings corroborate new perspectives on subjectivities that involve breastfeeding, which may guide health care practices that contribute to satisfaction as a nursing mother.(AU)


Objetivo: Aprender las representaciones sociales de las mujeres posparto sobre sus senos durante el período de lactancia. Método: Investigación cualitativa, basada en la teoría de las representaciones sociales. Se utilizó la prueba de asociación libre de palabras, aplicada a 95 puérperas en un Centro de Parto Normal en Salvador-Ba, de noviembre de 2017 a febrero de 2018. El análisis de la estructura de las representaciones sociales se realizó a partir del árbol de similitud de evocaciones libres. Resultados: Las representaciones sociales de las mujeres posparto sobre las mamas son marcadamente dolorosas y de tamaño, influenciadas por elementos periféricos que involucran el acto de la lactancia materna y la salud, estando asociadas a sus creencias, conocimientos y valores afectivos. Los participantes reconocen que los senos son partes importantes del cuerpo que requieren cuidados diarios. Conclusión: Los hallazgos corroboran nuevas perspectivas sobre subjetividades que involucran la lactancia materna, las cuales pueden orientar prácticas de cuidado de la salud que contribuyan a la satisfacción como madre lactante.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Breast Feeding , Nursing , Mammary Glands, Human , Postpartum Period
3.
J. Health Biol. Sci. (Online) ; 6(1): 17-22, jan-mar.2018. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-876341

ABSTRACT

Introdução: a neoplasia da glândula mamária é o tumor mais comum em cadelas. Devido a sua elevada frequência, torna-se necessário investigar os aspectos anátomo-patológicos dessas neoplasias de modo a promover o aumento da longevidade e melhorias na qualidade de vida destes animais. Objetivo: analisar as características clínicas e histopatológicas de tumores mamários em cadelas atendidas em Viçosa, MG. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, observacional, com abordagem quantitativa, realizada em um laboratório de histopatologia e histologia com 12 cadelas que apresentam tumor mamário. As amostras analisadas foram coletadas no Hospital Veterinário da cidade de Viçosa, MG. Após a fixação, o material foi avaliado macroscopicamente e, em seguida, submetido ao processamento histológico. As preparações histológicas foram analisadas por microscopia óptica. Resultados: no estudo, verificaram-se 58,3% de neoplasias malignas e 33,3% de neoplasias benignas. A maior parte dos tumores da glândula mamária canina foi de comportamento maligno, e o tipo histológico correspondente mais prevalente foi o carcinoma (91,6%). Conclusão: os tipos histológicos malignos de maior ocorrência nas cadelas correspondem ao carcinoma. O seu diagnóstico e terapêutica precoces são importantes na prevenção do desenvolvimento neoplásico nestas cadelas. (AU)


Introduction: mammary gland neoplasm is the most common tumor in bitches. Due to its high frequency, it is necessary to investigate the anatomopathological aspects of these neoplasias in order to promote the increase of longevity and improvements in the quality of life of these animals. Objective: to analyze the clinical and histopathological characteristics of breast tumors in female dogs taken care of in Viçosa, MG. Method: this is a descriptive, exploratory, observational study with a quantitative approach, carried out in a laboratory of histopathology and histology with 12 female dogs presenting breast tumor. The analyzed samples were collected at the Veterinary Hospital from city of Viçosa, MG. After fixation, the material was macroscopically evaluated and then subjected to histological processing. Histological preparations were analyzed by optic microscopy. Results: in the study, 58.3% of malignant neoplasias were observed, accompanied by 33.3% of benign neoplasy. Most tumors of the canine mammary gland were malignant and the most common histological prevalent was carcinoma (91.6%). Conclusion: the most frequent malignant histological types in dogs correspond to carcinoma. Its early diagnosis and therapy is important in preventing neoplasm development in these bitches. (AU)


Subject(s)
Mammary Glands, Animal , Mammary Neoplasms, Animal
4.
Rev. colomb. radiol ; 28(4): 4810-4815, 2017. ilu
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-986527

ABSTRACT

El cáncer de mama en hombres es poco frecuente, representa menos del 1 % de todos los cánceres masculinos, se presenta entre los 60-70 años con un pico de edad de 67 años; el carcinoma ductal invasivo es el que prevalece en varones, clínicamente se detecta como un nódulo unilateral indoloro retroareolar, o paraareolar. A diferencia de la mujer donde se realizan estudios de tamizaje, en los hombres suele diagnosticarse más tarde, porque buscan atención médica tardíamente por la poca incidencia de cáncer en pacientes masculinos, por la ausencia de signos y síntomas tempranos. Actualmente se puede utilizar para el diagnóstico la mamografía que ayuda a diferenciar entre enfermedades mamarias benignas y malignas. En este artículo se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente que acude al Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social, a quien se le diagnosticó carcinoma ductal.


Breast cancer in men is rare, it represents less then 1% of all male cancers, it's present between the ages of 60 through 70 years with an age peak at 67 years; the invasive ductal carcinoma is the most prevalent in men. Clinically, it is detected as an odorless, unilateral retro- or paraareolar nodule. Unlike with women, where screening studies are performed, in men it's usually diagnosed later on, because the low incidence of this cancer in male patients and the absence of early signs and symptoms leads to a delayed search for medical attention delayed. For diagnosis, a mammography can be used that helps differentiate between benign and malign mammary diseases. In this article we presented the clinical case of a patient that visits the Honduran Social Security Institute, diagnosed with ductal carcinoma.


Subject(s)
Humans , Mammary Glands, Human , Breast Neoplasms
5.
Nucleus (La Habana) ; (59): 5-8, ene.-jun. 2016.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-791480

ABSTRACT

Los tumores de mama son la causa más común de cáncer en la mujer. El examen ideal para detectar el cáncer de mama es la mamografía. Pero, la misma puede ser dudosa o sus datos no concluyentes, en un importante número de casos, por lo que lleva a procedimientos biópsicos invasivos. El objetivo de este trabajo es optimizar la detección del cáncer de mama por gammagrafía para mejorar el diagnóstico complementario a la mamografía. Para ello, fue diseñado y construido un dispositivo que permite el posicionamiento óptimo del paciente. Los materiales utilizados para su construcción fueron de propiedades poco absorbentes a la radiación gamma. Se evaluó la efectividad de la gammagrafía de mama, utilizando el dispositivo diseñado en dos casos clínicos. En ambos, se confirmó, fehacientemente, el diagnóstico concluyente obtenido por mamografía de casos no dudosos. Se recomendó un protocolo diagnóstico mamografía/gammagrafía que optimizará la selección de pacientes que requieren biopsia.


Breast tumors are the most common cause of cancer in women. The ideal way to detect breast cancer is by a mammography examination. But this test may either be questionable or provide inconclusive data on a significant number of cases, leading to invasive biopsy procedures. The aim of this study is to optimize the detection of breast cancer by gammagraphy to improve the complementary diagnosis provided by a mammography. Consequently and for that reason, a device allowing an optimal patient positioning was designed and built. The materials used for its construction had few gamma radiation absorption properties. The effectiveness of breast gammagraphy was evaluated using by the designed device in two study cases. In both, the definite diagnosis obtained through mammography from doubtful cases was conclusively confirmed. A diagnostic protocol mammogram/gammagraphy was recommended to optimize the selection of patients requiring biopsy.

6.
Rev. bras. cir. plást ; 31(3): 299-307, 2016. ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-2292

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: A pele de pacientes emagrecidas pós-cirurgia bariátrica apresenta alterações estruturais e proteômicas e não resiste ao peso das mamas, levando-as à flacidez residual precoce, exigindo suporte auxiliar. O objetivo é aplicar suporte auxiliar de lâmina de polipropileno não absorvível mais poliglecaprone absorvível ou lâmina de silicone de bustos, em forma de "soutien interno" como auxiliar de sustentação da pele, para manutenção da forma das mamas, e flacidez no mínimo comparável a outras pacientes sem emagrecimento pela cirurgia bariátrica. MÉTODOS: Nove pacientes foram submetidas à mamoplastia em T invertido com modelagem dos tecidos mamários, com redução do volume e envolvidos com lâmina de sustentação auxiliar. RESULTADOS: Não houve flacidez precoce e em observação de até 4 anos ela era aceitável. Uma delas apresentou seroma, drenado com boa resolução. Serão operadas outras 24 pacientes dentro do protocolo, acompanhadas e observadas por 2 anos com controle mamográfico, ultrassônico e ressonância magnética. CONCLUSÃO: A mamoplastia redutora pós-cirurgia bariátrica requer suporte extra à glândula mamária. A pele estruturalmente alterada não suporta o seu peso e haverá flacidez precoce.


INTRODUCTION: The skin presents structural and proteomic changes after bariatric surgery and cannot withstand the weight of the breasts, which leads to early residual flaccidity, requiring auxiliary support. The goal is to apply a nonabsorbable polypropylene-poliglecaprone absorbable auxiliary mesh support or Bustos silicone sheet, in the form of an "internal brassiere," to support the skin in order to maintain the shape and flaccidity of the breasts comparable with those of normal breasts. METHODS: Nine patients underwent mammoplasty in inverted T with modeling of tissue implants, reduction of breast volume, and wrapping with an auxiliary support mesh. RESULTS: Flaccidity was not observed at an early stage and the condition was acceptable for up to 4 years of follow-up. One of the patients had a seroma, which was drained with good resolution. Another 24 patients will be operated according to the protocol and observed for 2 years by using mammography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSION: Reduction mammoplasty after bariatric surgery requires additional support for the mammary gland. The structurally altered skin could not support the weight of the breasts, resulting in early flaccidity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , History, 21st Century , Polypropylenes , Prostheses and Implants , Obesity, Morbid , Breast , Weight Loss , Mammary Glands, Human , Bariatric Surgery , Polypropylenes/adverse effects , Polypropylenes/therapeutic use , Prostheses and Implants/adverse effects , Prostheses and Implants/standards , Obesity, Morbid/surgery , Obesity, Morbid/pathology , Obesity, Morbid/therapy , Breast/surgery , Breast/transplantation , Mammary Glands, Human/surgery , Mammary Glands, Human/transplantation , Bariatric Surgery/adverse effects , Bariatric Surgery/methods
7.
Int. j. morphol ; 33(3): 983-987, Sept. 2015. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-762574

ABSTRACT

Urtica diocia is a multipurpose herb in traditional medicine. Its hydroalcoholic extract (20, 50 and 100 mg/kg) administered interaperitoneally to Wistar female rats for 21 consequent days resulted in significant increase in the number of alveoli of mammary glands in doses of 20 and 50 mg/kg. Changes in serum prolactin and alveolar diameter were not significant in comparison with control group. Also, there was an increase in serum prolactin and alveolar diameter in doses of 20 and 50 mg/kg. Utrica diocia extract has positive effects on mammary glands.


Urtica diocia es una hierba de usos múltiples en la medicina tradicional. Su extracto hidroalcohólico (20, 50 y 100 mg/kg) administrado por vía intraperitoneal en ratas hembras Wistar de 21 días resultaron en un aumento significativo en el número de alvéolos de las glándulas mamarias en dosis de 20 y 50 mg/kg. Los cambios en la prolactina sérica y el diámetro alveolar no fueron significativos en comparación con el grupo control. Además, hubo un aumento en la prolactina sérica y en el diámetro alveolar en dosis de 20 y 50 mg/kg. El extracto de Urtica diocia tiene efectos positivos sobre las glándulas mamarias.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Prolactin/drug effects , Urticaceae/chemistry , Analysis of Variance , Prolactin/analysis , Rats, Wistar
8.
Rev. bras. cir. plást ; 28(4): 598-606, july-sept. 2013.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-779135

ABSTRACT

Patients submitted to augmentation mammoplasty are often concerned about the possibility of sagging breasts. Although plastic surgeons usually respond that this is unlikely, this is not supported by the literature. This study aimed to precisely understand the changes in nipple aréola complex position after breast implantation, especially phenomena of "tendency to ptosis" and "bottoming out." Methods: Medicai and photographic records were selected from among patients operated on at the Ivo Pitanguy Institute - 38th Infirmary of the Santa Casa de Misericordia of Rio de Janeiro from January 2009 to December 2010 and analyzed, and a literature review was performed. Results: Among 20 breasts in 10 patients, bottoming out was observed in 9 breasts in 6 patients, including 5 moderate and 4 mild. There was tendency to ptosis in 9 breasts in 5 patients, including 3 mild and 6 moderate. Only one breast did not present changes in the nipple-areola complex. Conclusion: Bottoming out and tendency to ptosis occur frequently after breast augmentation and require further to ptosis occur frequently after breast augmentation and require further study...


A mastoplastia de aumento, muito comumente, gera na paciente indagações acerca da possibilidade de queda das mamas. A resposta do cirurgião plástico é geralmente afirmativa, porém, este não encontra respaldo na literatura. Neste trabalho, objetivamos justamente entender a variação de posição do complexo aréolo-papilar pós-inclusão de implantes mamários observando, principalmente, os fenômenos de "tendência à ptose" e "bottoming out". Métodos: Seleção de prontuários dentre as pacientes operadas no Instituto Ivo Pitanguy - Enfermaria 38 da Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro de jan/2009 a dez/201O, com base em critérios de inclusão e exclusão, utilizando-se para esta pesquisa de revisão dos prontuários, registro fotográfico e revisão da literatura. Resultados: Dentre as 20 mamas (10 pacientes) analisadas observamos "bottoming out" em nove mamas (seis pacientes), das quais cinco de graus moderados e quatro leves. Houve "tendência à ptose" em nove mamas (cinco pacientes) sendo três leves e seis moderadas. Conclusão: Os fenômenos bottomlng out" e tendência à ptose" são uma realidade que precisa ser amplamente estudada para melhor esclarecimento das pacientes...


Subject(s)
Young Adult , Middle Aged , Breast Implants , Mammary Glands, Human/surgery , Mammaplasty , Breast/surgery , Surgical Procedures, Operative , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures , Medical Records , Methods , Patients
9.
Rev. colomb. radiol ; 24(4): 3839-3843, 2013. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-995324

ABSTRACT

Desde hace muchos años se ha introducido el uso de ciertas sustancias inyectables externas autólogas y/o halopáticas, con el objetivo de aumentar, reformar o restablecer el volumen de ciertas áreas corporales, especialmente los senos. Dentro de los métodos más observados se encuentra desde el uso del propio tejido adiposo extraído de otras zonas corporales del paciente hasta la aplicación de sustancias externas, que van desde la parafina hasta el hidrogel de poliacrilamida no protésico y el ácido hialurónico. Sin embargo, existen otros métodos de origen empírico, como sustancias oleosas, sintéticas o la mezcla de varias de estas, con las cuales se obtiene aumento del volumen del área deseada, pero con detrimento del estroma objeto de la inyección, el cual altera internamente su estructura; de esta forma, el parénquima, especialmente el mamario, sufre alteraciones irreversibles que se representan por medio de los estudios de imágenes diagnósticas. Estas alteraciones, por lo general, desencadenan hechos indeseables y llevan a una pérdida definitiva del tejido mamario, o derivan en algunas comorbilidades que pueden comprometer la salud del paciente en otros órganos, como se ha demostrado en varios casos descritos en la literatura. El artículo presenta cuatro casos.


For many years, the use of certain external injectable autologous and / or halopatic substances has been introduced, aiming to increase, amend or re-establish the volume of certain body areas, especially the breasts. One of the most observed methods includes the use of adipose tissue itself which is extracted from other body parts of the patient, as well as the application of external substances, ranging from the paraffin to the non-prosthetic polyacrylamide hydrogel and hyaluronic acid. However, there are other methods of empirical origin, such as oily, synthetic or a mixture of several of these substances. These methods achieve an increase of the volume of the desired area but at the expense of stromal which is the object of the injection, which internally alters its structure. In this manner, the parenchyma, especially the breast, suffers from irreversible changes which are represented through diagnostic imaging studies. Generally speaking, these alterations trigger events and lead to undesirable results and lead to a permanent loss of breast tissue, or are derived from some comorbidities that can compromise the health of the patient in other organs. This has been proven in several cases described in the literature. This article presents four cases.


Subject(s)
Humans , Mammary Glands, Human , Mammography , Foreign-Body Reaction , Mammaplasty
10.
Rev. MVZ Córdoba ; 17(2): 30-40, mayo-ago. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-657108

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Comparar las características morfológicas de células normales y cancerosas derivadas de glándulas mamarias de las especies humana y canina. Materiales y métodos. Fueron colectadas 10 muestras de parénquima mamario normal y 14 de parénquima tumoral de la especie canina, así como seis muestras de parénquima mamario normal y tres de parénquima tumoral de la especie humana. Para el cultivo de células fue utilizada la técnica de cultivo de células de mamíferos y para la histoquímica la técnica de la avidina- biotina- peroxidasa, con utilización del anticuerpo monoclonal 32-2B (anti-desmogléina-1). Resultados. A los estudios histológicos y morfológicos las células de la glándula mamaria normal humana demostraron semejanzas con las células de la glándula mamaria normal canina. Se observó adhesión y proliferación de células normales en ambas especies por aproximadamente tres meses de cultivo. Las células normales de las especies humana y canina mostraron baja actividad de proliferación cuando se compararon con las cancerosas de las especies en estudio. Los grupos de células epiteloides que se adhirieron al sustrato de los dos cultivos tuvieron dependencia de las células estromales, porque en la medida que las células fibroblastoides se retiraron, las células epiteloides detuvieron su crecimiento. Conclusiones. Comparando los resultados obtenidos por medio de análisis inmuno-histoquímico de células normales de mujeres y perras fue posible observar cambios en el patrón de coloración en células cancerosas en ambas especies, demostrando que las estructuras relacionadas con la adhesión celular (desmosomas) pueden estar alteradas.


Objective. Compare the morphological characteristics of normal and cancer cells derived from mammary glands of human and canine species. Materials and methods. 10 samples were collected of normal breast parenchyma and 14 from tumor parenchyma of the canine species, as well as six samples of normal breast parenchyma and three-tumor parenchyma of the human species. For the cell culture, a mammal cell culture technique was used, and, an avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique was used for the histochemical culture, with the use of monoclonal antibody 32-2B (anti-desmoglein-1). Results. With histological and morphological studies, the cells of the normal human mammary gland showed similarities with cells of normal canine mammary gland. Adhesion and proliferation of normal cells was observed in both species bin approximately three months of culture. Normal cells of human and canine species showed low proliferative activity when compared with cancerous cells of the species under study. Groups of epithelioid cells that adhered to the substrate of the two cultures had dependence on stromal cells, because as the fibroblastoid cells were removed, epithelioid cells stopped their growth. Conclusions. Comparing the results obtained by immuno-histochemical analysis of normal cells of women and bitches, it was possible to observe changes in the pattern of staining in cancer cells in both species, demonstrating that the structures related to cell adhesion (desmosomes) may be altered.


Subject(s)
Neoplasms , Dogs , Mammary Glands, Human , Women
11.
Med. UIS ; 25(1): 55-62, ene.-abr. 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-680236

ABSTRACT

Los beneficios de la lactancia en el recién nacido son conocidos y aceptados universalmente pero en cuanto a la madre, no se tiene este mismo nivel de información a pesar de ser un tema ampliamente investigado en la comunidad científica. En esta revisión se evalúan publicaciones que tratan precisamente sobre los efectos que la lactancia tiene en la madre, su asociación farmacológica, contraindicaciones y patología. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos de Medline a través de Pubmed con los términos MeSH “mothers and breast feeding”, limitando la búsqueda a artículos de metanálisis. También se accedió a la base de datos de Cochrane y se realizó una búsqueda manual. La selección de los artículos se hizo de acuerdo con su pertinencia con el tema de esta revisión. En la búsqueda manual se incluyeron artículos relacionados con fisiología, interacciones medicamentosas y patología de la lactancia. Resultados: se revisan los efectos de la lactancia en la madre en cuanto a su desarrollo, contraindicaciones, beneficios, uso de fármacos y patologías de este período como la ingurgitación mamaria, grietas del pezón, galactocele y mastitis. Conclusiones: la lactancia conlleva beneficios que han sido evaluados en la madre, el niño, en los sistemas de salud y la sociedad. Para su desarrollo se requiere de una integración hormonal específica que tiene su mayor actividad durante el embarazo. Con la lactancia se han descrito beneficios maternos como menor ganancia de peso en el posparto y disminución en los riesgos de diabetes tipo 2, cáncer de ovario y de mama. En este período, se presentan relaciones especiales con algunos fármacos y patologías que son revisadas en el artículo.


The benefits of breastfeeding in the newborn are known and universally accepted but as the mother does not have this same level of information despite being a widely researched topic in the scientific community. This review assesses publications that deal specifically on the effects that breastfeeding has on the mother, her pharmacologic association, contraindications, and pathology. Methods: the Medline database was searched by Pubmed with the MeSH key words “mothers and breast feeding” with limits of meta-analysis publications. I also hand-searched relevant journals and Cochrane database. The publications were chosen because of their relationship with the issue Results: The search included articles related to physiology, drug interactions on breast feeding, hormonal regulations, contraindications, mother’s benefits and diseases of this period. Conclusion: breastfeeding produce benefits in the mother, babies, health systems and at large on society. To get a successful lactation a hormonal regulation should be developed specially during pregnancy. Breastfeeding has mother’s benefits such as a return to prepregnancy weight and lower risk on maternal type 2 diabetes, ovary and breast cancers. Breastfeeding special relationships with medications and diseases proper of this period are reviewed.


Subject(s)
Breast , Breast Feeding , Mammary Glands, Human
12.
Rev. bras. ginecol. obstet ; 33(9): 264-269, set. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-609071

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: avaliar os efeitos de altas doses de genisteína sobre o epitélio mamário de ratas adultas. MÉTODOS: após 28 dias da ooforectomia, cinquenta ratas adultas foram divididas em cinco grupos, a saber: um controle (Ctrl), três que receberam genisteína (GEN) nas doses de 46 mg/kg (GEN46), 125 mg/kg (GEN125) e 250 mg/kg (GEN250), e um que recebeu estrogênios conjugados equinos na dose de 50 µg/kg (ECE). As substâncias foram administradas diariamente durante 30 dias consecutivos por gavagem e na última semana de tratamento foi efetuado exame colpocitológico durante sete dias consecutivos. Após o tratamento, os animais foram anestesiados, amostras de sangue foram retiradas para determinação do estradiol e da progesterona, e o primeiro par de mamas inguinais retirado e processado para análise histomorfométrica. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância complementada pelo teste de Tukey-Kramer (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: nos grupos Ctrl e tratados com as diferentes doses de GEN as mamas apresentaram-se atróficas, no entanto mostraram-se desenvolvidas no grupo ECE, onde se notou a presença de inúmeros ductos e alvéolos mamários contendo material eosinófilo em seu interior. A morfometria mostrou maior área de parênquima mamário no grupo ECE (98.870,1±550,4 µm²* por mm²; p<0,05) comparado aos outros grupos (Ctrl=36.875,6±443,4; GEN46=37.001,7±557,4; GEN125=36.480,8±658,3 e GEN250=37.502,8±669,3). O mesmo ocorreu em relação ao número de alvéolos e ductos mamários no grupo ECE (33,2±6,9* por mm²; p<0,05) em relação aos outros grupos (Ctrl=10,4±2,1, GEN 46=11,2±3,1; GEN 125=11,6±2,1 e GEN 250=12,3±2,3). Os níveis de estradiol mostraram-se aumentados no grupo ECE em relação aos outros grupos (9,4±1,7 pg/mL; p<0,05), sendo que os níveis séricos de progesterona mostraram-se semelhantes em todos os grupos de estudo. CONCLUSÃO: a administração de genisteína em altas doses não apresentou efeito proliferativo no tecido mamário de ratas.


PURPOSE: to evaluate the effects of high doses of genistein on the mammary glands of adult female rats. METHODS: Twenty-eight days after oophorectomy, 50 adult female rats were divided into five groups, as follows: a control group (Ctrl), three rats that received genistein (GEN) at the doses of 46 mg/kg (GEN46;), 125 mg/kg (GEN125) and 250 mg/kg (GEN250); one group received conjugated equine estrogen at the dose of 50 µg/g (ECE50). The substances were administered daily for 30 consecutive days by gavage and in the last week of the period of treatment, colpocytological exams were carried out for seven consecutive days. After treatment, the animals were anesthetized, blood samples were collected for estradiol and progesterone determination and the first pair of inguinal mammary glands was removed and processed for histomorphometric analysis. Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance supplemented by the Tukey-Kramer test (p<0.05). RESULTS: the ctrl group and the ones treated with different doses of GEN showed atrophic mammary glands, whereas the glands were more developed in the ECE group, where numerous mammary ducts and alveoli were observed. Morphometry showed a larger area of mammary parenchyma in the ECE group (98.870.1±550.4 µm²* per mm²; p<0.05) compared with other groups (Ctrl=36.875.6±443.4; GEN46=37.001.7±557.4; GEN125=36.480.8±658.3 and GEN250=37.502.8±669.3). The same occurred in the number of alveoli in the ECE group (33.2±6.9* per mm²; p<0.05) compared to the other groups (Ctrl=10.4±2.1, GEN46=11.2±3.1; GEN125=11.6±2.1 and GEN250=12.3±2.3). The estradiol level was higher in the ECE group compared to the other groups (9.4±1.7 pg/mL; p<0.05), whereas serum levels of progesterone were similar in all groups. CONCLUSION: the administration of genistein at high doses had no trophic effect on the mammary glands of rats.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Genistein/administration & dosage , Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects , Phytoestrogens/administration & dosage , Genistein/pharmacology , Phytoestrogens/pharmacology
13.
J. Health Sci. Inst ; 27(4)out.-dez. 2009. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-568322

ABSTRACT

Introdução - Este trabalho comparou a qualidade do leite entre os sistemas de ordenha manual e mecânica. Para isso foram utilizados os animais e os equipamentos de uma fazenda leiteira no município de Cunha, interior de São Paulo. Material e Métodos - Foram utilizadas 15 vacas ordenhadas manualmente e 15 outras ordenhadas mecanicamente pelo sistema balde ao pé, totalizando 30 animais. As amostras foram submetidas a três diferentes análises: composição do leite, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Resultados - A composição do leite foi semelhante entre os tratamentos. No entanto, os valores da CCS foram maiores nos animais ordenhados manualmente (446; 366 e 342 x103 céls/mL vs 49; 93; 125 x103 céls/mL), enquanto os níveis de CBT foram mais altos nos animais ordenhados mecanicamente (11,8; 119,4;92,2 vs 4,6; 11,8; 29,6 x103UFC/mL). Conclusão - Os resultados indicam alta contaminação bacteriológica dos equipamentos e a não existência de correlação entre CCS e CBT.


Introduction - The aim of this study was to compare milk quality from different milking systems, manual and mechanical. Material and Methods - For this study the animals and equipaments of a milk farm located at Cunha City, São Paulo were used fifteen cows were milked manually and other 15 milked using vacuum equipment, totalizing 30 animals. Each sample was tested for three different analyze: milk composition, somatic cells count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC). Results - Milk composition was similar for treatments. However, the values of SCC were higher on animals milked manually (446, 366 and 342 x103 cels/mL vs 49, 93, 125 x103cels/mL while the TBC level were high on animals milked with the equipment (11.8, 119.4, 92.2 vs 4.6, 11.8, 29.6 x103CFU/mL). Conclusion - This results indicates high bacterial contamination on mechanical equipments and no existence of corelation between SCC and TBC.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mammary Glands, Animal/microbiology , Milk/cytology , Milk/microbiology
14.
Rev. bras. mastologia ; 16(3): 103-106, set. 2006.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-562224

ABSTRACT

Foi realizado estudo prospectivo que teve como objetivo determinar a sensibilidade e a especificidade da biópsia por fragmentos com agulha de 18 gauge, de menor calibre, abordando a validade da ultra-sonografia como guia do procedimento e a menor quantidade de material necessário ao diagnóstico do nódulo sólido da mama. Foram estudados 39 casos em 37 mamas femininas, diagnosticados nos exames de rastreio ou diagnóstico, em acordo com o sistema Bi-Rads. No total, 110 fragmentos de 22 nódulos malignos e 17 benignos. O padrão-ouro foi a peça cirúrgica. Resultados: A sensibilidade, a especificidade e a exatidão foram de, respectivamente, 100%, 94%, 97%. Conclui-se que o nódulo sólido de mama pode ser biopsiado com agulha de menor calibre, obtendose de 1 a 4 fragmentos para o estudo histopatológico, quando a punção for guiada por ultra-sonografia.


If was done a prospective study of ultrasonography-guided core breast biopsy, in which was used the 18 gauge needle as choice, to find the minimum number of specimens to the diagnostic of the tumor. There have been studied 39 cases in 37 patients with breast tumor seen on screening or diagnostic examination according to Bi-Rads. A number of 110 core-biopsies were realized, 22 malignant and 17 benigns. The gold standard was the histopathology on surgery. Results: The sensitivity, especificity and accuracy were, respectively, 100%, 94% and 97%. It was concluded that ultrasound guided core breast biopsy may be done with 18 gauge needle, getting from 1 to 4 specimens to histopathologic study.


Subject(s)
Humans , Biopsy, Needle/methods , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Ultrasonography, Interventional , Mammary Glands, Human , Ultrasonography, Mammary
15.
Ciênc. rural ; 25(2): 251-254, 1995. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-529707

ABSTRACT

Uma técnica empregando fluoresceína sódica 5 por cento e luz ultravioleta foi desenvolvida para a identificação dos trajetos dos vasos linfáticos superficiais das glândulas mamárias em dez cadelas. A fluoresceína foi injetada por via intradérmica ao redor da base de cada mamilo e cada mama foi observada após 5, 15, 30 e 60 minutos. Em cada animal, primeiramente, foram avaliadas as mamas torácica cranial, abdominal cranial e inguinal das cadeias direita e esquerda e 48 horas após as mamas torácica caudal e abdominal caudal das cadeias direita e esquerda. De um total de 97 mamas injetadas, em 8 a fluoresceína não foi captada pelos linfáticos. O tempo de 30 minutos foi o mais adequado para a visualização total dos trajetos. Mostrou ser um método simples, rápido e inócuo de verificação in vivo de vasos linfáticos.


The superficial lymphatic vessels of mammary glands were studied in ten bitches using 5 percent sodium fluorescein and ultraviolet light. Fluorescein was injected intradermally around each nipple basis and each mammary gland was observed after 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes. In each animal, it was evaluated the cranial thoracic, cranial abdominal and inguinal mammary glands of the rigth and left chains, and after 48 hours the caudal thoracic and caudal abdominal mammary glands of the rigth and left chains. Fluorescein was not captured by the lymphatics in 8 of the 97 mammary glands injected. The best visualization of the trajectories was at 30 minutes after fluorescein injection. This is a simple, rapid and innocuous method for in vivo examination of the lymphatic vessels.

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